Pharmaceutical formulations containing methylnaltrexone

专利摘要:
P:OPERAS e-evces3520142-po usparoenia 35202 -spect pgsforiv Jnog_5058481i DOC-9/04/2013 Stable pharmaceutical compositions useful for administering methylnaltrexone are described, as are methods for making the same. Kits, including these pharmaceutical compositions, also are provided.
公开号:AU2013203378A1
申请号:U2013203378
申请日:2013-04-10
公开日:2013-05-02
发明作者:Thomas A. Boyd；Suketu P. Sanghvi
申请人:Progenics Pharmaceuticals Inc；
IPC主号:A61K31-485

专利说明:
P:OPERAkS e-servces35201142-pogn~shar 1 ni calsd35218A4-sp~eci pgsfSodivo g_ 5058481IOC-9/04/]2013 PH,-ARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS CONTAINING METHYLNAL TREXON E This application is a divisional of Australian Patent Application No. 2010202824, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to methylnaltrexone pharm aceuti cal preparations, methylnaltrexone formulations, methylnaltrexone kits, and methods of making the same. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Quaternary amine opioid antagonist derivatives have been shown to have utility in a number of contexts. They are considered peripherally acting only, and, therefore, find particular utility in reducing the side-effects of opioids without reducing the analgesic effect of opioids. Such side effects include nausea, emesis, dysphoria, pruritis, urinary retention, bowel hypomotility, constipation, gastric hypomotility, delayed gastric emptying and immune suppression. The utility of these peripherally acting opioid antagonists is not limited to reducing side-effects stemming from opioid analgesic treatment. Instead, these derivatives also have utility in circumstances where endogenous opioids alone (or in conjunction with exogenous opioid treatment) cause undesirable conditions such as ileus and other such conditions including, but not limited to, those mentioned above. Methylnaltrexone is a quaternary amine opioid antagonist derivative, discovered in the mid-70s. Methylnaltrexone and some of its uses are described in U.S. Patents 4,176,186, 4,719,215, 4,861,781, 5,102,887, 5,972,954, and 6,274,591 . Stable formulations of methylnaltrexone, however, have heretofore not existed. Methylnaltrexone apparently was assumed to have a structure that was inherently stable. The stability of a pharmaceutical composition in solution, however, is not necessarily predictable either over time when stored at room temperature or when autoclaved. Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that acts both centrally and peripherally. It differs structurally from methylnaltrexone and would be expected to have a different stability in solution. An allegedly stable formulation of naloxone is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,866,154.
P:OPERAS e-evces3520142-progenu spharraIce icls320342- pecpgsfor divJnog_505848 1 iOC-9/04/2013 - 1A Surprisingly, it has been discovered that methylnaltrexone is unusually unstable. It further has been discovered that nethyinaltrexone has certain degradation products different from those of naloxone. It also has been discovered that critical parameters and conditions are required for stable formulations of methylnaltrexone.
WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one aspect, the invention provides a composition or preparation that is a solution of methylnaltrexone or a salt thereof, -wherein the preparation after autoclaving has a concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products that does not exceed 2% of 5 the methyinaltrexone or salt thereof in the preparation. Preferably, the concentration of such degradation products does not exceed 1.5%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, or even 0.125% of the methylnaltrexone or salt thereof in the preparation. The composition or preparation can contain one of, any combination of, or all of a chelating agent., a buffering agent, an anti-oxidant, a cryoprotecting agent, an isotonicity agent and an opioid. The preferred 1e chelating agent is disodium edetate or a derivative thereof. The disodium edetate preferably is at a concentration ranging from between 0.001 and 100 mg/ml, more preferably 0.05 to 25.0 mg/ml, and even more preferably, 0.1 to 2.5 rmg/ml. A pfekrred buffering agent is citrate buffer. The citrate buffer typically is in a concentration ranging from 0.001 to 100.0 mM, preferably from 0.1 to 10 mM, and more preferably, 0.1 to 5.0 15 mM. A preferred cryoprotecting agent is mannitol. The composition or preparation preferably has a pH that does not exceed 4.25. More preferably, the pH ranges from 2.0 to 4.0, 3.0 to 4.0, and most preferably, from 3.0 to 3.5. According to another aspect of the invention, a composition or preparation is 20 provided, which includes a solution of methyinaltrexone or a salt thereof wherein the preparation after storage at about room temperature for six months has a'concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products that does not exceed 2% of the methynaltrexone in the preparation. The concentration of the niethylnaltrexone degradation products preferably does not exceed 1.5%, 1.0%, 0.5%, 0.25%, and even 0.125% of the 25 methylnaltrexone in the preparation. The composition or preparation can contain one of, any combination of, or all of a chelating agent, a buffering agent, an anti-oxidant, a cryoprotecting agent, an isotonicity agent and an opioid. The preferred chelating agent and concentrations are as described above. The preferred buffering agent and concentrations are as described above. Preferably, the composition or preparation has a 30 pH that does not exceed 4.25. The preferred pHs and ranges are as described above. According to another aspect of the invention, a stable composition or preparation is provided. The composition or preparation is a solution of methylnaltrexone or a salt WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -3 thereof wherein the pH1 is below 4.25. Preferably, the pH is between 2.75 and 4.25, more preferably, between 3.0 and 4.0, and most preferably, between 3,0 and 3,5, According to conventional procedures, pH can be adjusted with an acid, Examples of acids useful for this purpose include hydrochloric acid, citric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, and 5 phosphoric acid. The stable composition or preparation can also include any one of, any combination of, or all of a chelating agent, a buffering agent, an isotonicity agent, an antioxidant, a cryogenic agent, and an opioid. According to another aspect of the invention, a stable composition or preparation is provided. The composition or preparation is a solution of methylnaltrexone or salt 10 thereof, wherein the solution further comprises a chelating agent in an amount sufficient to inhibit degradation of the methylnaltrexone or salt thereof, whereby the amount is such that the composition or preparation after autoclaving has a concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products that does not exceed 0.5%, 0.25% or even 0.125% of the methylnaltrexone or salt thereof in the composition or preparation. The 5 composition or preparation can further include any one of, any combination of, or all of a buffering agent, an isotonicity agent, an antioxidant and an opioid. Preferred chelating agents, buffering agents and pHs are as described above. According to another aspect of the invention, a composition or preparation is provided. The composition or preparation is a solution of methylnaitrexone or salt 20 thereof in at least one methylnaltrexone degradation inhibiting agent. The agent can be any one of, any combination of, or all of a chelating agent, a buffering agent, and an antioxidant, provided that the solution has a p-1 ranging from 2.0 to 6.0. The degradation inhibiting agent is present in an amount sufficient to render the composition or preparation stable, wherein the composition or preparation is processed under at least one 25 sterilization technique, and wherein the composition or preparation is substantially fi-ee of methyinaltrexone degradation products, The composition or preparation can be stable to storage for at least six months, at least twelve months, or at least twenty-four months, at about room temperature. Preferably, the composition or preparation is stable after autoclaving. The composition or preparation further may include either or both of an 30 isotonicity agent and an opioid. Preferably, the pH of the solution is between 2.75 and 425, more preferably, between 3.0 and 4.0, and most preferably, between 3.0 and 3.5.
WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US20041/010997 -4 In any one of the foregoing aspects of the invention, the composition or preparation can be a pharmaceutical composition. In any one of the foregoing aspects of the invention, the methyinaltrexone can be present in a therapeutically effective amount. In some embodiments, the concentration 5 of methyinaltrexone ranges from 0.01 to 100 mg/ml. In other embodiments, the methylnaltrexone concentration ranges between 0,1 and 100.0 mg/ml. In other embodiments, the methylnaltrexone ranges between 1.0 and 50.0 mg/miL. In any one of the foregoing embodiments, the mrethylnaltrexone can be present in an amount sufficient to treat nausea, emesis, dysphoria, pruritu, urinary retention, ileus, 10 post-operative ileus, post-partum ileus, paralytic ileus, bowel hypomotility, constipation, gastric hypomotility, delayed gastric emptying, decreased biliary secretion, decreased pancreatic secretion, biliary spasm, increased sphincter tone, cutaneous flushing, impaction, sweating, inhibition of gastrointestinal motility, inhibition of gastric emptying, gastrointestinal dysfunction, incomplete evacuation, bloating, abdominal 15 distention, increased gastroesophageal reflux, hypotension, bradycardia, irritable bowel syndrome. or immunosuppression. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the methyinaltrexone can be present in an amount sufficient to accelerate discharge from hospital post-surgery (including abdominal surgeries such as rectal resection, colectomy, stomach, esophageal, duodenal, 20 appendectomy, hysterectomy, or non-abdominal surgeries such as orthopedic, trauma injuries, thoracic or transplantation), for example, by accelerating bowel sounds after surgery, or speeding the time to first food intake or first bowel movement. In other important embodiments, the amount is sufficient to induce laxation. This has particular application where the subject is a chronic opioid user. 25 In any one of the foregoing embodiments, the solution of methnaltrexone or salt thereof may be contained in a sealed container such as a bottle, an infusion bag, a syringe, a vial, a vial with a septum, an ampoule, an ampoule with a septum, or a syringe. The container may include indicia indicating that the solution has been autoclaved or otherwise subjected to a sterilization technique. 30 According to another aspect of the invention, any of the foregoing embodiments is lyophilized, preferably in the presence of a cryoprotecting agent. The invention therefore provides a lyophilized preparation of methylnaltrexone. Preferably, the WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US20041/010997 lyophilized preparation is a stable preparation, containing less than 1%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.25% and even less than 0.125% methylnaltrexone degradation product. The preparation can contain a cryoprotecting agent, which preferably is neutral or acidic in water. 5 According to another aspect of the invention, a product is provided. The product is a stable lyophilized formulation of methylnaltrexone, wherein the formulation upon reconstitution and water at a concentration of 20 mg/ml has a pH of between 2 and 6. In some e-mbodiments, the formulation upon reconstitution has a p1H of about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, or about 6. The formulation can include a cryoprotecting agent present 10 in amounts sufficient to render the formulation stable. The cryoprotecting agent in important embodiments are polymerized carbohydrates. A preferred cryoprotecting agent is mannitol. Any one of the foregoing solutions described above can be lyophilized, It therefore is an aspect of the invention that such materials include one or any combination of a buffering agent, a chelating agent, an antioxidant, and an 15 isotonicity agent, Preferred materials are as described above. According to still another aspect of the invention, a product is provided that includes methylnaltrexone and the degradation inhibiting agent selected from the group consisting of a chelating agent, a buffering agent, an antioxidant, and combinations thereof, wherein the degradation inhibiting agent is present in an amount sufficient to 20 render stable the solution of the product containing a concentration of 20 mg/ml methylnaltrexone in water. Preferably, the product when in solution at a concentration of 20 mg/rml muethyinaltrexone yields a pH of between 2 and 6. According to another aspect of the invention, a pharmaceutical preparation is provided. The pharmaceutical preparation contains methyinaltrexone, sodium chloride, 25 citric acid, trisodium citrate, and disodiun edetate. In one important embodiment, the methyinaltrexone is present between 20 and 40 mg/mi, the sodium chloride is present between 2 and 6 mg/ml, the citric acid is present between 0.05 and 0.1 mg/mil, the trisodium citrate is present between 0.025 and 0.075 mg/ml, and the disodium edetate is present between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml. 30 The buffering agent may be any pharmaceutically acceptable buffering agent. Common buffering agents include citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium acetate, acetic acid, sodium phosphate and phosphoric acid, sodium ascorbate, tartaric acid, maleic acid, WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 glycine, sodium lactate, lactic acid, ascorbic acid, imidazole, sodium bicarbonate and carbonic acid, sodium succinate and succinic acid, histidine, and sodium benzoate and benzoic acid. The preferred buffering agent is a citrate buffering agent. The chelating agent may be any pharmaceutically acceptable chelating agent. 5 Common chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and derivatives thereof, citric acid and derivatives thereof, niacmamide and derivatives thereof, and sodium desoxycholate and derivatives thereof. The preferred chelating agent is disodium edetate. The antioxidant may be any pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidant. Common 10 antioxidants include those selected from the group consisting of an ascorbic acid derivative, butylated hydroxy anisole, butylated hydroxy toluene, alkyl gallate, sodium meta-bisulfite, sodium bisulfite, sodium dithionite, sodium thioglycollic acid, sodium formaldehyde suifoxylate, tocopherol and derivatives thereof, monothioglycerol, and sodium sulfite. The preferred antioxidant is monothioglycerol. 15 The cryoprotecting agent may be any pharmaceutically acceptable cryoprotecting agent. Common cryoprotecting agents include histidine, polyethylene qlycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidine, lactose, sucrose, and mannitol. Improtant cryoprotecting agents are polyols. The preferred cryoprotecting agent of the invention is mannitol. The opioid can be any pharmaceutically acceptable opioid. Common opioids are 2D those selected from the group consisting of alfentanil, anileridine, asimadoline, bremazocine, burprenorphine, butorphanol, codeine, dezocine, diacetyhmorphine (heroin), dihydrocodeine, diphenoxylate, fedotozine, fentanyl, funaltrexamine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, levallorphan, levomethadyl acetate, levorphanol, loperamide, meperidine (pethidine), methadone, morphine, morphine-6-glucoronide, 25 nalbuphine, nalorphine, opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone. pentazocine, propiram, propoxyphene, renifentanyl, sufentanil, tilidine, trimebutine, and tramadol. The isotonicity agent can be any pharmaceutically acceptable isotonicity agent. Common isotonicity agents include those selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, mannitol, lactose, dextrose, glycerol, and sorbitol. The preferred isotonicity 30 agent is mannitol.
WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US20041/010997 The pharmaceutical preparation may optionally comprise a preservative. Common preservatives include those selected from the group consisting of chlorobutanol, parabens, thimerosol, benzyl alcohol, and phenol. According to another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for preparing 5 an autoclaved preparation of a solution of methyinaltrexone or salts thereof, whereby the autoclaved preparation has a concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products that does not exceed 2% of the methyinaltrexone or salt thereof in the preparation. The method involves providing a solution, having a pH of 4.25 or less, of methylnaltrexone or a salt thereof, and being substantially free of methylnaltrexone degradation products, 10 and autoclaving the solution. The solution can contain, optionally, any one of, any combination of, or all of a cheating agent, an isotonicity agent, a buffering agent, an antioxidant, a cryoprotecting agent, and an opioid. Preferably, the pH of the solution ranges front 2.0 to 4.0. More preferably, from 3.0 to 4.0, and most preferably from 3.0 to 3,5. Preferred chelatintg agents, isotonicity agents, buffering agents, antioxidants, 15 cryoprotecting agents, and opioids are as described above. Preferred concentrations of methyinaltrexone, likewise, are as described above. According to another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for preparing an autoclaved preparation. The preparation has a concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products that does not exceed 2% of the methylnaltrexone or salt thereof in :20 the preparation. The method involves providing a solution containing methylnaltrexone or salt thereof and a chelating agent, the solution being substantially free of methylnaltrexone degradation products, and then autoclaving the solution. The chelating agent is present in an amount sufficient to protect the preparation against substantial unwanted degradation of methyinaltrexone or its salt, and maintain the solution to be 25 substantially free of methyinaltrexone degradation products. Preferred chelating agents and concentrations thereof are as described above. The preparation may include, optionally, any one of, any combination of, or all of a buffering agent, an isotonicity agent, an antioxidant, a cryoprotecting agent, and an opioid. Preferred buffering agents, isotonicity agents, antioxidants and opioids, as well as concentrations, are as described 30 above. Preferred pHs of the solution likewise are as described above. Preferably, the degradation products after autoclaving do not exceed 1.5%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.25%or even 0.125%.
WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -8 According to another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for inhibiting the formation of methylnaltrexone degradation products in a preparation that is a solution of methylnaltrexone or salts thereof. The method involves preparing an aqueous solution containing at least one methylnaltrexone degradation inhibiting agent selected from the 5 group consisting of a chelating agent, a buffering agent, an antioxidant, a cryoprotecting agent, and combinations thereof. A powdered source of methylnaltrexone or salt thereof is dissolved into the solution to form the preparation. The preparation has or is adjusted without addition of a pH-adjusting base to have a pH of between 2 and 6. More preferably, the pharmaceutical preparation is adjusted to have a pH ranging from 3 to 5, 10 more preferably, 3 to 4, and most preferably, 3.0 to 3.5. An isotonicity agent may be added to the solution. Likewise, an opioid may be added to the solution. In any one of the foregoing aspects of the invention, the preparation can be a pharmaceutical preparation. According to another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for preparing 15 a stable pharmaceutical preparation that is an aqueous solution of methyinaltrexone or salts thereof to inhibit formation of methyinaltrexone degradation products. A solution is provided containing methylnaltrexone or salts thereof and at least one methylnaltrexone degradation inhibiting agent. The solution is processed under at least one sterilization technique prior to and/or after terminal filling the solution in a sealable container to form 20 the stable pharmaceutical preparation, wherein the method is carried out without the addition of p-l-adjusting base to the solution. The methylnaltrexone degradation inhibiting agent can be selected from the group consisting of a chelating agent, a buffering agent, an antioxidant, and combinations thereof. An isotoricity agent can be added. A cryoprotecting agen t can also be added. Likewise, an opioid can be added. 25 Preferred chelating agents, buffering agents, antioxidants, isotonicity agents, cryoprotecting agents, and opioids are as described above. Preferred concentrations are as described above. The solution may be processed to adjust the pH. This is preferably done using an acid. Most preferably, the solution is adjusted to a range between a p1H of 2 and 6, more preferably, between 3 and 5, 3 and 4, and most preferably between 3.0 and 3o 3.5. The material can be contained in a sealed container. The container can be purged with nitrogen and/or sparged to eliminate oxygen.
WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 In some embodiments of the invention, parenteral formulations are provided. In one embodiment, the formulation made by dissolving methylnaltrexone diluted in water, to which mannitol is added. The solution is then filter sterilized followed by lyophilization. Therefore, the product may be provided in lyophilized form, and in 5 combination with certain cryoprotectants such as mannitol or lactose. Optionally, a reconstituting diluent is provided, such as a physiological saline diluent. According to another aspect of the invention, a kit is provided. The kit is a package containing a sealed container comprising any one of the preparations described above, together with instructions for use. The kit can also include a diluent container 10 containing a pharnaceutically acceptable diluent. The kit can further comprise instructions for mixing the preparation and the diluent. The diluent can be any pharmaceutically acceptable diluent. Well known diluents include 5% dextrose solution and physiological saline solution. The container can be an infusion bag, a sealed bottle, a vial, a vial with a septum, an ampoule, an ampoule with a septum, an infusion bag or a 15 syringe. The kit further can contain an opioid container containing an opioid. The containers can optionally include indicia indicating that the containers have been autoclaved or otherwise subjected to sterilization techniques. The kit can include instructions for administering the various solutions contained in the containers to subjects. 20 The invention also involves methods of treatment. According to another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for treating a subject in need of such treatment with an effective amount of methyinaltrexone or a salt thereof. The method involves administering to the subject an effective amount of methyinaltrexone or salt thereof in any one of the pharmaceutical preparations described above, detailed herein, and/or set 25 forth in the claims. In one aspect, the method is a method tor inhibiting a peripheral opioid receptor in a human subject. In another aspect, the method is for reducing a side effect of opioid treatment. In another aspect, the method is for treating any one of a condition selected from the group consisting of nausea, emesis, dysphoria, pruritus, urinary retention, ileus, post-operative fleus, post-partumileus, parallytic ileus, bowel 3 hypomotility, constipation, gastric hypomotility, delayed gastric emptying, decreased biliary secretion, decreased pancreatic secretion, biliary spasm, increased sphincter tone, cutaneous flushing, impaction, sweating, inhibition of gastrointestinal motility, inhibition WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US20041/010997 - 10 of gastric emptying, gastrointestinal dysfunction, incomplete evacuation, bloating, abdominal distention, increased gastroesophageal reflux, hypotension, bradycardia, irritable bowel syndrome, or immunosuppression. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the methyinaltrexone can be present in an 5 amount sufficient to accelerate discharge from hospital post-surgery, accelerate bowel sounds after surgery, or induce taxation. The subject can be any subject in need of such treatment. Important subjects include those receiving opioids including opioids for pain, cancer or surgical patients, or immunosuppressed or immunoconpromised patients (including IV infected patients), 10 patients with advanced medical illness, terminally ill patients, patients with neuropathies, patients with rheumatoid arthritis, patients with osteoarthritis, patients with chronic pack pain, patients with spinal cord injury, patients with chronic abdominal pain, patients with chronic pancreatic pain, patients with pelvic/perineal pain, patients with fibromyalgia, patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, patients with migraine or tension headaches, 15 patients on hemodialysis, and patients with sickle cell anemia. In the foregoing description, applicants have described the invention in connection with methylnaltrexone or salts thereof. Such salts include, but are not limited to, bromide salts, chloride salts, iodide salts, carbonate salts, and sulfate salts. It should be understood, however, that methyinaltrexone is a member of a class of compounds 20 known as quaternary derivatives of noroxymorphone, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,176,186, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. It is believed that the invention extends to any such quaternary derivative of noroxynorphone, and the invention is intended to embrace pharmaceutical preparation, methods and kits containing such derivatives. Another aspect of the invention then 25 embraces the foregoing summary but read in each aspect as if any such derivative is substituted wherever "inethylnaltrexone" appears. Likewise, the invention also embraces each and every claim read as if the term "quaternary derivative of noroxymorphone" were substituted whenever "methylnaltrexone" appears.
WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a graph depicting methylnaltrexone degradation products eluting from a column at time zero (peak Nos. 1, 2 and 4 are degradation products; peak No 4 is methylnaltrexone; peak no 5. O-methylnaltrexone bromide). 5 Figure 2 is a graph depicting methylnaltrexone degradation products eluting from a column at 12 months (peak Nos, 1, 2 and 4 are degradation products; peak No 4 is methylnaltrexone; peak no 5. O-mnethynaltrexone bromide). Figure 3 is a schematic representation of a kit according to the invention containing the formulations described herein. 10 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Applicants have discovered that during the autoclaving process, methyinaltrexone in aqueous solution tends to degrade to a surprising extent. The amount of degradation resulting from simple autoclaving (122 "C, 15 lbs. pressure for 20 min.) can be as high as 5 10%. The degradation products are depicted in Figure 1, and appear to include at least two predominant degradants having relative retention times (RRT) of 0.72 (2.828 minutes) and 0.89 (3.435 minutes) and, with other minor forms as can be observed, The degradant identified by the 0.72 RRT peak appears in small amounts, 0.074, immediately upon dissolving the methylnaltrexone into solution and increases overtime with storage 20 or autoclaving 0.25%. The degradant identified by the 0.89 RRT peak appears only after storage over time or after autoclaving (<0.05% and 0,724%, respectively). Applicants also have discovered that methylnaltrexone is unstable in aqueous solutions when stored at room temperature or even at 4 'C for significant (but commercially necessary) periods of time such as 6 months, 12 months or even two years. Degradation occurs without 25 regard to whether the aqueous solution was previously autoclaved or filter sterilized, It would be desirable to stabilize formulations of methylnaltrexone such that following the autoclaving process or following storage (or both autocilaving and storage), the amount of the total degradation products would be less than 2.0%, 1.5%, 1.0%, 0.5%, 0.25%, and even 0.125%. .30 The invention provides stable formulations of methylnaltrexone. By stable solutions of methylnaltrexone, it is meant that following autoclaving at 122 'C, 15 lbs. pressure for 20 minutes, the methylnaltrexone degradation products resulting from such WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -12 conditions are not more than 2% of the total methylnaltrexone present in a given solution. By stable solution of methylnaltrexone, it also is meant that following storage of an unautoclaved solution at room temperature for twelve months, the methylnaltrexone degradation products resulting from such conditions are not more than 5 2% of the total methyinaltrexone present in a given solution. By stable solutions of methylnaltrexone, it is also meant that following storage of an unautoclaved solution at room temperature for two months, the methyinaltrexone degradation products resulting from such conditions are not more than 1.0 % of the total methyinaltrexone present in a given solution. By stable lyophilized formulations of methylnaltrexone, it is meant that 10 following lyophilization and storage at room temperature of methyinaltrexone for two months, and their reconstitution in water the rmethylnaltrexone degradation products resulting from such conditions are not more than 1.0 % of the total methylnaltrexone present in a given solution. It was surprisingly discovered that pH alone can solve the problem of excessive 15 methyinaltrexone degradation products. In particular, it was discovered that when the p-i of a methylnaltrexone solution containing 2mg/mL of methyinaltrexone was at about 4.25 pH or less, there was a steep drop-off in the amount of imethylnaltrexone degradation products following autoclaving. When the pH of the solution containing methyinaltrexone was adjusted to between 3.5 and 4.0., then the total percentage of 20 degradants fell below 2%, and in certain instances even below 1.39%, When the pH was adjusted to between 3.0 and 3.5, the percentage of total degradants dropped to about 0,23% after autoclaving. It was also noted that there was a significant drop, before a plateau, when the p1 of the methylnaltrexone solution was brought to below 6.0 prior to autoclaving. Adjusting pHs to between 4.25 and 6 was not sufficient to produce stable 25 formulations of methylnaltrexone (through the adjustment of pH alone). As will be seen below, however, manipulating other parameters in concert with pH resulted in stable formulations of mietyinaltrexone anywhere in a range from a pH of 2.0 to 6.0. The benefits of a low p-i on the stability of methylnaltrexone formulations persisted in the presence of chelating agents, isotonicity agents, buffering agents, and antioxidants. 30 Thus, the invention in one aspect provides stable formulations of methylnaltrexone in solution, 'wherein the pH is below 4.25, preferably between 3.0 and 4.0, and most preferably between 3.0 and 3.5.
WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 - 13 Applicants also noted that despite setting the pH of a methylnaltrexone solution at points between 3.0 and 6.0 using a pH-adjusting acid or pH-adjusting base prior to autoclaving and despite the benefits obtained from lower pH, the pH of the autoclaved sample drifted almost immediately to about 7.0. It was therefore tested, in particular, 5 whether buffering agents could eliminate the pH drift that resulted from autoclaving without negatively affecting the ability to protect against heat degradation resulting from autoclaving. Applicants discovered that buffering agents Indeed could be employed to stabilize the pH of methylnaltrexone solutions throughout the autoclaving process without permitting degradation products to exceed acceptable minimums, Buffers were 10 used in concentrations ranging from 0.25 mM to 25 mM. Acceptable levels of degradation products were obtained at all buffer concentrations tested. It was noted, however, that citrate buffer had properties more desirable than those of acetate buffer. In particular, the addition of citrate buffer did not seem to alter in any material respects the amount of degradation products resulting from autoclaving the methylnaltrexone 15 solution, resulting in less than 0.23% of degradation products at pH of 3.5. The addition of acetate buffer, however, appeared to increase somewhat the amount of methyinaltrexone degradation products, although not to unacceptable levels, resulting in less than 1.39% of degradation products at pH of 3.6. Nonetheless, citrate buffer surprisingly is preferable to acetate buffer. The preferred citrate buffer range is between 20 about 2 and 5 mM N. Buffers in general are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Buffer systems include citrate buffers, acetate buffers, borate buffers, and phosphate buffers. Examples of buffers include citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium acetate, acetic acid, sodium phosphate and phosphoric acid, sodium ascorbate, tartartic acid, maleic acid, 25 glycine, sodium lactate, lactic acid, ascorbic acid, imidazole, sodium bicarbonate and carbonic acid, sodium succinate and succinic acid, histidine, and sodium benzoate and benzoic acid. Applicants also discovered, surprisingly, that a chelating agent alone was capable of reducing the amount of degradation products to acceptable levels. In particular, p-I 3o was not adjusted and disodium edetate was added at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mg/muL, The disodium edetate stabilized methylnaltrexone against heat degradation in a concentration-dependent manner. As little as 0.01 mg/mL had a WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US20041/010997 - 14 substantial effect on the amount of degradants, yielding approximately 2.3% total degradants. A concentration of 0.1 mg/mL resulted in under 15% total degradants. There was a critical point at approximately 0.3 - 0.4 mg/mL where the total degradants became slightly under 0.5% and leveled off with increasing amounts of disodium 5 edetate. Thus, disodium edetate alone was sufficient to render stable an unbuffered solution of methylnaltrexone with no adjustment to pH. This was a surprising result. Applicants believe that the result is not limited to disodium edetate. Instead, other chelating agents well known to those of ordinary skill in the art will be useful according to the invention. Chelating agents are chemicals which form water soluble io coordination compounds with metal ions in order to trap or remove the metal irons from solution, thereby avoiding the degradative effects of the metal ions. Chelating agents include ethylenedianinetetraacetic acid (also synonymous with EDTA, edetic acid, versene acid, and sequestrene), and EDT.A derivatives, such as dipotassium edetate, disodium edetate, edetate calcium disodium, sodium edetate, trisodium edetate, and 15 potassium edetate. Other chelating agents include citric acid and derivatives thereof. Citric acid also is known as citric acid monohydrate. Derivatives of citric acid include anhydrous citric acid and trisodiumcitrate-dihydrate. Still other chelating agents include niacinamide and derivatives thereof and sodium desoxycholate and derivatives thereof. A synergistic effect of pH and disodium edetate was also observed. At pH 3 - 3,5, in the 20 presence of citrate buffer (25 nM), and 0.01 mg/mL disodiurn edetate, the total degradants after autoclaving amounted to less than 0.4%. Under the same conditions, except increasing the concentration of disodium edetate to 1 mg/mL, there was no detectable difference. That is, the degradants were on the order of approximately 0.4% after autoclaving. The circumstance, however, differed when pH was adjusted upwardly 25 to between 6.0 and 7,0 in an unbuffered system. In particular, at a pH adjusted upwardly to between 6.0 and 7.0,. the total degradants were above 3 - 6% at a concentration of 0.01 mg/nL. disodium edetate and approximately 2.8% at 1.0 mg/mL disodium edetate. This at first glance appears anomalous with the results described above, where disodium edetate alone was sufficient to bring total degradants under 0.5% at concentrations above so approximately 0.3 disodium edetate mg/mL. It was discovered, however, that the increase in degradation was due to the addition of a pH-adjusting base to the solution containing methyinaltrexone to upwardly adjust the pH to 6.0 - 7.0. Therefore, it was WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US20041/010997 discovered unexpectedly that the addition of a pH-adjusting base, such as sodium hydroxide, to a solution containing methylnaltrexone should be avoided in order to minimize the presence of degradants. The same results were achieved through a combination of acetate buffer and 5 disodiurn edetate at 0.01 mg/mL and 1.0 mg/mL, although, once again, citrate buffer seemed to work surprisingly better than acetate buffer in protecting methylnaltrexone from heat degradation. Higher levels of disodium edetate in the presence of acetate buffer could compensate, however, for the differential effect that was observed when using citrate buffer versus acetate buffer. It is to be noted that citrate buffer also is a 10 chelating agent, which might contribute to its apparent superior properties. However, there was no concentration-dependent stabilization due to citrate buffer and it would appear that the chelating effect of citrate is not wholly responsible for the differential effects observed between citrate buffer and acetate buffer. Applicants also believe that antioxidants will be useful according to the 15 invention. Antioxidants are substances capable of inhibiting oxidation by removing free radicals from solution. Antioxidants are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and include materials such as ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid derivatives (e.g., ascorbylpalmitate, ascorbylstearate, sodium ascorbate, calcium ascorbate, etc.), butylated hydroxy anisole, buylated hydroxy toluene, alkylgallate, sodium meta-bisulfite, sodium 20 bisulfite, sodium dithionite, sodium thioglycollic acid, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, tocopherol and derivatives thereof, (d-alpha tocopherol, d-alpha tocopherol acetate, dl alpha tocopherol acetate, d-alpha tocopherol succinate, beta tocopherol, delta tocopherol, gamma tocopherol, and d-alpha tocopherol polyoxyethylene glycol 1000 succinate) monothioglycerol, and sodium sulfite. Such materials are typically added in ranges from 25 0.01 to 20%. The pharmaceutical preparations of the invention also may include isotonicity agents. This term is used in the art interchangeably with iso-osmotic agent, and is known as a compound which is added to the pharmaceutical preparation to increase the osmotic pressure to that of 0.9% sodium chloride solution, which is iso-osmotic with human 30 extracellular fluids, such as plasma. Preferred isotonicity agents are sodium chloride, mannitol, sorbitol, lactose, dextrose and glycerol.
WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/010997 Optionally, the pharmaceutical preparations of the invention may further comprise a preservative. Suitable preservatives include but arc not limited to: chlorobutanol (0.3 - 0.9% WV), parabens (0.01 --- 5.0%), thimerosal (0.004 - 0.2%), benzy] alcohol (0.5 - 5%), phenol (0.1 - 1.0%), and the like, 5 In view of the success achieved with disodium edetate alone in an unbuffered system, it would have been expected that stable formulations could be prepared at virtually any pH simply by optimizing the various potential methylnaltrexone degradation inhibiting agents. Such agents include those as described above, that is, chelating agents, buffering agents, antioxidants, and the like. It was discovered, 10 however, that stable formulations of methlvnaltrexone in solution could not be obtained with such degradation inhibiting agents at pHs above 6. Thus, in one aspect of the invention, stable pharmaceutical preparations containing methylnaltrexone in solution are permitted, wherein the solution further includes an agent selected from the group consisting of a chelating agent, a buffering agent, an antioxidant, and combinations is thereof provided that the solution has a pI ranging from between 2 to 6. The stable pharmaceutical preparations of the invention are stable not only to heat degradation resulting from autoclaving, but also to other sterilization processes used during manufacturing. Sterilization processes or techniques as used herein include aseptic techniques such as one or more filtration (0.45 or 0.22 micron filters) steps, 20 autoclaving, and a combination of filtration and autoclaving. They also are stable to long term storage. The stable formulations of the invention are stable for at least six months at temperatures of 30 'C or less, preferably a range fr-om 5 'C to 30 *C, and, more preferably, they are stable at a temperature above 15 *C for at least six months. More particularly, the stable pharmaceutical preparations are stable for periods of at least six 25 months, at least twelve months, and even at least twenty-four months at about room temperature or 25 *C. Such preparations remain substantially free of methylnaltrexone degradation products, that is, such solutions contain less than 2% methyinaltrexone degradation products compared to the total amount of methyinaltrexone in the solution. Applicants also discovered, surprisingly, that lyophilizing conditions could 30 dramatically affect the amount of methylnaltrexone degradation products. The pharmaceutical preparations of the invention therefore may advantageously include cryoprotective agents, which protect methylnaltrexone from the harmful effects of WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/010997 - 17 freezing. Such agents also can prevent caking and flaking, which can be problematic in reconstituting a solution and in manufacturing processing. Important cryoprotecting agents are mannitol, lactose, sucrose, polyethylene qlycol and polyvinyl pyrrolidine. Most preferred is mannitol. It is believed that cryoprotecting agents which result in a 5 reconstitution pH of 6.0 and higher or which are basic will contribute also to degradation of methylnaltrexone due to pH effects discussed above. Thus, preferred cryoprotecting agents are those which, together with the other components of the formulation, result in a pH in the preferred ranges described above. Preferably, the cryoprotecting agent is neutral or acidic. 10 The amount of methyinaltrexone in the solution is effective to treat completely, ameliorate, or even prevent conditions associated with activation of endogenous opioid receptors, in particular, peripheral opioid receptors such as mu opioid receptors. Such conditions include nausea, emesis, dysphoria, pruritus, urinary retention, ileus, post operative ileus, post-partumileus, parallytic ileus, bowel hypomotility, constipation, 15 gastric hypomatility, delayed gastric emptying, decreased biliary secretion, decreased pancreatic secretion, biliary spasm, increased sphincter tone, cutaneous flushing, impaction, sweating, inhibition of gastrointestinal motility, inhibition of gastric emptying, gastrointestinal dysfunction, incomplete evacuation, bloating, abdominal distention, increased gastroesophageal reflux, hypotension, bradycardia, irritable bowel 20 syndrome, or immunosuppression. One important use is in the treatment of constipation, i.e., less than one bowel mov ement in 3 days or less than 3 bowel movements in a week. In any of the foregoing embodiments, the methylnaltrexone can be present in an amount sufficient to accelerate discharge from hospital post-surgery, accelerate bowel sounds after surgery, or induce taxation. Such amounts are well known to those of 25 ordinary skill in the art and are described in the literature, including the patents listed in the background of the invention. The methylnaltrexone may also be in a salt form, including the bromide, chloride, iodide, carbonate, and sulfate salts of methyinaltrexone. Patients treatable with the formulations of the invention include those receiving opioids including opioids for pain, cancer or surgical patients, immunosuppressed or so mmunocompromised patients (including HV infected patients), patients with advanced medical illness, terminally ill patients, patients with neuropathies, patients with rheumatoid arthritis, patients with osteoarthritis, patients with chronic pack pain, patients WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 - 18 with spinal cord injury, patients with chronic abdominal pain, patients with chronic pancreatic pain, patients with pelvic perineal pain, patients with fibromyalgia, patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, patients with migraine or tension headaches, patients on hemodialysis, and patients with sickle cell anemia. 5 The pharmaceutical preparations of the invention also can include an opioid. The therapeutic use of opioids is well known and, again, is described in both the literature and the patents mentioned above. Opioids include alfentanil, anileridine, asimadoline, bremazocine, burprenorphine, butorphanol, codeine, dezocine, diacetylmorphine (heroin), dihydrocodeine, diphenoxylate, fedotozine, fentanyl, fumaltrexamine, 10 hydrocodone, hydromorphone, levallorphan, levomethadyl acetate, levorphanol, loperamide, meperidine (pethidine), methadone, morphine, morphine-6-glucoronide, nalbuphine, nalorphine, opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pentazocine. propiram, propoxyphene, remifentanyl sufentanil, tilidine, trimebutine, and tramadol. It should be understood that the pharmaceutical preparations of the invention will 15 typically be held in bottles, vials, ampoules, infusion bags, and the like, any one of which may be sparged to eliminate oxygen or purged with nitrogen, In some embodiments, the bottles vials and ampoules are opaque, such as when atmber in color, Such sparging and purging protocols are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and should contribute to maintaining the stability of the pharmaceutical preparations. The 20 pharmaceutical preparations also, in certain embodiments, are expected to be contained within syringes. According to another aspect of the invention, kits also are provided. Referring to Figure 3, a kit 10 is depicted. The kit 10 includes a pharmaceutical preparation vial 12, a pharmaceutical preparation diluent vial 14, an opioid vial 16, and an opioid diluent vial 25 18. The kit also includes instructions 20. The vial 14 containing the diluent for the pharmaceutical preparation is optional. The vial 14 contains a diluent such as physiological saline for diluting what could be a concentrated solution of methylnaltrexone contained in vial 12. The instructions can include instructions for mixing a particular amount of the diluent with a particular amount of the concentrated 30 pharmaceutical preparation, whereby a final formulation for injection or infusion is prepared. The instructions may include instructions for use in a patient controlled analgesia (PCA) device. Likewise, the kit optionally contains an opioid in the opioid WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US20041/010997 -19 vial 16, which also optionally may be in a concentrated forn. The optional vial 18 contains a diluent for a concentrated opioid. The instructions also may include instructions for mixing the opioid with the pharmaceutical preparation and/or diluting the opioid with the opioid diluent contained in the opioid diluent vial 18. The instructions, 5 therefore, would take a variety of forms depending on the presence or absence of diluent and opioid. The instructions 20 can include instructions for treating a patient with an effective amount of nethylnaltrexone. It also will be understood that the containers containing the pharmaceutical preparation, whether the container is a bottle, a vial with a septum, an ampoule with a septum, an infusion bag, and the like, can contain indicia 10 such as conventional markings which change color when the pharmaceutical preparation has been autoclaved or otherwise sterilized. The pharmaceutical preparations of the invention, when used in alone or in cocktails. are administered in therapeutically effective amounts. A therapeutically effective amount will be determined by the parameters discussed below; but, in any 15 event, is that amount which establishes a level of the drug(s) effective for treating a subject, such as a human subject, having one of the conditions described herein. An effective amount means that amount alone or with multiple doses, necessary to delay the onset of; inhibit completely or lessen the progression of or halt altogether the onset or progression of the condition being treated. When administered to a subject, effective 20 amounts will depend, of course, on the particular condition being treated; the severity of the condition; individual patient parameters including age, physical condition, size and weight; concurrent treatment; frequency of treatment; and the mode of administration. These factors are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and can be addressed with no more than routine experimentation. It is preferred generally that a maximum 25 dose be used, that is, the highest safe dose according to sound medical judgment. The pharmaceutical preparations of the present invention may include or be diluted into a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" as used herein means one or more compatible solid, or semi-solid or liquid fillers, diluants or encapsulating substances which are suitable for administration 30 to a human or other mammal such as a dog, cat, horse, cow, sheep, or goat. The term "carrier" denotes an organic or inorganic ingredient, natural or synthetic, with which the active ingredient is combined to facilitate the application. The carriers are capable of WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/010997 -20 being commingled with the preparations of the present invention, and with each other, in a manner such that there is no interaction which would substantially impair the desired pharmaceutical efficacy or stability. Carriers suitable for oral, subcutaneous, intravenous., intramuscular, etc. formulations can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5 Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. A variety of administration routes are available. The particular mode selected will depend of course, upon the particular drug selected, the severity of the disease state being treated and the dosage required for therapeutic efficacy. The methods of this invention, generally speaking, may be practiced using any mode of administration that is medically in acceptable, meaning any mode that produces effective levels of the active compounds without causing clinically unacceptable adverse effects, Such modes of administration include oral. rectal, sublingual, topical, nasal, transdermal or parenteral routes. The term "parenteral" includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or infusion. Dosage may be adj ousted appropriately to achieve desired drug levels, locally or 15 systemically. Generally, daily oral doses of active compounds will be from about 0.1 mg/kg per day to 30mg/kg per day. It is expected that IV doses in the range of 0.01 1.00 mg/kg will be effective. In the event that the response in a subject is insufficient at such doses, even higher doses (or effective higher doses by a different, more localized delivery route) may be employed to the extent that patient tolerance permits. Continuous 20 IV dosing over, for example. 24 hours or multiple doses per day also are contemplated to achieve appropriate systemic levels of compounds, Preferred subcutaneous doses for chronic opioid users to induce taxation are 0.1-0.3 mug/kg, and preferred oral doses for the same patient population are 1.0-3.0 mg/kg. Preferred IV doses to treat post operative ileus are 0.15 mg/kg. 25 The invention also involves methods for preparing autoclaved pharmaceutical preparations that have concentrations of methylnaltrexone degradation products that do not exceed 2% of the methylnaltrexone or salt thereof in the preparation. Aqueous solutions of methyinal rexone are prepared. A p1-I-adjusting acid is added to adjust the p1 to 4.25 or less, preferably to a range of between 3.0 and 3.5. The solution is then 30 autoclaved according to standard procedures. One such procedure involves autoclaving at 122 *C and 15 pounds of pressure for 20 minutes. The pharmaceutical preparation can contain any one, any combination of or all of a chelating agent, an isotonicity agent, a WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -21 buffering agent, an antioxidant, a cryoprotective agent, and an opioid. According to another aspect of the invention, a pharmaceutical preparation containing methylnaltrexone in a aqueous solution is prepared by combining a chelating agent with the methylnaltrexone solution and then autoclaving the solution. The aqueous solution 5 of methylnaltrexone may contain any one of, any combination of or all of a buffering agent, an antioxidant, an isotonicity agent and an opioid. According to yet another aspect of the invention, a pharmaceutical preparation containing methylnaltrexone in a lyophilized formulation is prepared by combining a cryoprotective agent, such as mannitol, with the methyinaltrexone formulation. The 10 lyophilized preparation may also contain any one of, any combination of, or all of a buffering agent, an antioxidant, an isotonicity agent and an opioid. The invention also involves methods of inhibiting the formation of methyinaltrexone degradation products in a solution containing methyinaltrexone by combining any one of, any combination of or all of a chelating agent, a buffering agent 15 and an antioxidant with methylnaltrexone or salt thereof in solution. In one preferred embodiment, the aqueous solution containing the chelating agent, buffering agent and/or antioxidant is first prepared, then a powdered source of methylnaltrexone or salt thereof is dissolved into the aqueous solution. The invention also involves methods of inhibiting the formation of 20 inethylnaltrexone degradation products in a gel containing methylnaltrexone by combining any one of, any combination of or all of a chelating agent, a buffering agent and an antioxidant with nethylnaltrexone or salt thereof in a gel matrix, In one preferred embodiment, the gel containing the chelating agent, buffering agent and/or antioxidant is first prepared, then a powdered source of methylnaltrexone or salt thereof is dissolved 25 into the gel. As used herein, solution embraces gels. The pharmaceutical preparations of the invention may be provided in particles. Particles as used herein means nano or rnicroparticles (or in some instances larger) which can consist in whole or in part of the peripheral opioid antagonists or the other therapeutic agents) as described herein. The particles may contain the therapeutic 30 agent(s) in a core surrounded by a coating, including, but not limited to, an enteric coating. The therapeutic agent(s) also may be dispersed throughout the particles. The therapeutic agents) also may be adsorbed into the particles. The particles may be of any WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -22 order release kinetics, including zero order release, first order release, second order release, delayed release, sustained release, immediate release, and any combination thereof, etc. Thne particle may include, in addition to the therapeutic agent(s), any of those materials routinely used in the art of pharmacy and medicine, including, but not limited 5 to, erodible, nonerodible, biodegradable, or nonbiodegradable material or combinations thereof. The particles may be microcapsules which contain the antagonist in a solution or in a semi-solid state. The particles may be of virtually any shape. Both non-biodegradable and biodegradable polymeric materials can be used in the manufacture of particles for delivering the therapeutic agent(s). Such polymers ray 1w be natural or synthetic polymers. The polymer is selected based on the period of time over which release is desired. Bioadhesive polymers of particular interest include biocrodible hydrogels described by I.S. Sawhney, C.P. Pathak and J.A. Hubell in Macromolecules, (1993) 26:581-587, the teachings of which are incorporated herein. These include polyhyaluronic acids, casein, gelatin, glutin, polyanhydrides, polyacrylic s acid, alginate, chitosan, poly(nethyl inethacrylates), poly(ethyl methacrylates), poly(butylmethacrylate), poly(isobutyl i methacrylate), poly(hexylmethacrylate), poly(isodecyl maethacrylate), poly(lauryl methacrylate), poly(phenyl rnethacrylate), poly(rmethyl acrylate), poly(isopropyl acrylate), poly(isobutyl acrylate), and poly(octadecyl acrylate). 20 The invention also provides methods for preparing stable pharmaceutical preparations containing aqueous solutions of methylnaltrexone or salts thereof to inhibit formation of methyinaltrexone degradation products. A solution is provided that contains methyinaltrexone or salts thereof and at least one methylnaltrexone inhibiting agent. The solution is processed under at least one sterilization technique prior to and/or 25 after terminal filing the solution in. the sealable container to form a stable pharmaceutical preparation, wherein the method is carried out without the addition of a pH-adjusting base to the solution.
WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US20041/010997 - 23 EXAMPLES Example 1 Manufacturing Process for a Pharmaceutical Formulation of Methylnaltrexone A manufacturing process can be outlined as follows: 1. Add required amount of water for injection (~80% or final volume) to a stainless steel tank. 2. Add chelating agent to the tank and stir till dissolved. 10 3, Add buffering agent to the tank and stir till dissolved. 4. Add nethylnaltrexone to the tank and stir till dissolved. 5. Add isotonicity agent to the tank and stir till dissolved. 6. Adjust the pH of the solution to pH 3.25. 7. Add water for injection to increase the volume to the required amount. 15 8. Transfer material to supply pressure vessel. 9. Sterile filter into a sterile stainless steel pressure vessel. 10. Fill into bottles/vials, purge with nitrogen and then stopper the bottles/vials. 11. Sterilize the filled vials by autoclaving. 20 Exact amount of excinients to be used: Disodium edetate = 0.75 mg/mil Added in step 2 Sodium Citrate = 0.199 mg/ml Added in step 3 Citric acid = 0.35 mg/mI Added in step 3 Sodium Chloride = 8.5 mg/ml Added in step 5 25 The order of addition of excipients is described above. Steps 2 to 5 can take place in any order. When all excipients and drug have been added, step 6, pH of the solution is adjusted by addition of acid, If a buffering agent is used in the solution, pH- adjusinent may not be required. 30 There are no specifics on the temperature or the stirring speed during the formulation. The temperature during formulation can be as high as 80 'C.
WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 - 24 Example 2 Preferred Manufacturing Process for a Pharmaceutical Formulation of Methylnaltrexone 5 A preferred -manufacturing process is as follows: 100 ml of 20 mg/mi solution of methylnaltrexone solutions 1. Add 80 ml of water for injection (-80% or final volume) to a stainless steel tank. 2. Add 75 mg of disodium edetate, a chelating agent, to the tank and stir till dissolved. 10 3. Add 19.9 mg of sodium citrate and 35 mg of citric acid (as buffering agents) to the tank and stir till dissolved. 4. Add 2000 ng of methylnaltrexone to the tank and stir till dissolved. 5. Add 850 mg of sodium chloride, an isotonicity agent, to the tank and stir till dissolved. 15 6. Adjust the pH of the solution if necessary. 7. Add water for injection to increase the volume to 100 ml. 8. Transfer the material to supply pressure vessel. 9. Sterile filter using a 0.22 micron filter into a sterile stainless steel pressure vessel. 10. Fill, purge with nitrogen and then stopper the bottles/vials. 20 IL Sterilize the filled vials by autoclaving. Example 3 12 Month Stability of Pharmaceutical Preparation Methylnaltrexone 25 Metiylnaltrexone (bromide salt) and its degradation products in an isotonic saline solution were tested upon manufacture of the solution (no added stabilizers, sterile filtered, not autoclaved) and upon storage at room temperature for 12 months using a Hewlett-Packard HP1I 100 series, HPLC system equipped with quaternary gradient pump, programmable variable wavelength UV detector and a Millennium data acquisition 30 system. Two mobile phases were prepared as follows: The reagents, standards and media included naltrexone methobromide as a reference standard, trifluoroacetic acid (ACS grade), acetonitrile (HPLC grade), Milli-Q WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/010997 - 25 water (or equivalent), and methanol (HPLC grade). The solutions were prepared as follows. Mobile phase A (85:15:0.1) (water:methanol:trifluoroacetic acid): 850 mL of Milli-Q water was added to a suitable container, to which 150 mL of methanol and 1.0 mL of trifluorUaUetic acid were added. The solution was mixed well and allowed to 5 equiiibrate to room temperature. The solution was degassed by helium sparge. Mobile phase B (methanol): Methanol was added to a suitable container and degassed by helium sparge. Instrumental Conditions 10 Analytical Column: Metachem Inertsil ODS3, 5pm, 150 x 4.6 mm or equivalent Mobile phase: A mixture of Mobile phase A. and B is used as shown in Table 1: Table I Time (minutes) %A %B 0 100 0 12 65 35 15 35 65 15.1 100 0 20 100 0 Column temperature: 50 'C is Detection: UV at 280 nm Injection volume: 20 pL Run time: 20 minutes Flow rate: 1.5 mL/minute Quantitation: Peak area responses 20 Results: 20mg/mi saline drug product lot CTM-02085 WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -26 Peak Initial 12 months No. RRT % Degradants RRT % Degradants I degradation product 0.72 0.07 0.74 0.25 2 degradation product 0.89 <0.05 0,89 0.72 3 methylnaltrexone 1.00 99.7 1.00 98.6 4 degradation product 1.48 0.06 1.40 1.16 5 0-Methylnaltrexone 1.57* 0.17 1.54* 0.17 Bromide (process impurity) Samples from the methyinaltrexone saline formulation (not autoclaved) were analyzed for methylnaltrexone degradation products before and after storage for 12 5 months at 25 *C. The starting material was analyzed by HPLC. As shown in Fig. 1, methylnaitrexone is a peak having an RRT of 1.0 (4.364 minutes). An additional peak was identified as O-methyl naltrexone methobromide, RRT about 1.57 (6.868 minutes). The O-nethyl-naltrexone is not a degradant of methyinaltrexone but a result fi-om the 10 methyinaltrexone (drug substance) manu facturing process, The material stored for 12 months was similarly analyzed by HPLC. The chromatogram is shown in Fig. 2. As in the starting material, the HPLC analysis of the sample stored for 12 months showed methylnaltrexone RRT of 1.00 (3.839 minutes), 0-methyl-methy1naltrexone 15 RRT of about 153 (5.866 minutes). However, HPLC analysis revealed that the methylnaltrexone saline formulation which was stored for 12 months had at least three degradation products formed during the manufacturing or during storage of the finished drug product. The degradant peak RRT's were approximately 0.74 (2.828 minutes), 0.89 (3.435 minutes) and 1.40(5.326 minutes). 20 H1PLC analysis was also conducted, prior to storage, on a methylnaltrexone solution manufactured using an isotonic saline solution (no added stabilizers), sterile WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US20041/010997 - 27 filtered, and autoclaved. This saline, autoclaved solution contained the degradation products formed during manufacturing or storage, as described above (data not shown). Example 4 Preparation of a Subcutaneous Formulation The degradation products seen with very low citrate level were the same as those seen with normal saline solution. These low citrate formulas were autoclaved and after 10 three months the amount of degradation products seen were less than 0.1% for each degradation product. The formula used for the citrate/EDTA formulation is listed below: mg/nL Methynaltrexone 30mg 15 Sodium Chloride 4mg Citric acid 0.0875mg Trisodiuni Citrate 0.0496mg Disodium edetate 0.75mg Water for injection q.s. to 1gram 20 The pH of this solution is 3.5 and can withstand autoclaving process, Example 5 25 Manufacturing Process for a Lyophilized Pharmaceutical Formulation of Methylnaltrexone The lyophilization cycle listed below is standard procude well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. This cycle was used for the preparation of lyophilized "o preparation of methylnaltrexone analyzed in Examples 6 and 7. 1. Load chamber at room temperature (20-25C) WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US20041/010997 -28 2. Lower shelf temp to -45 degrees C at 1.0 degrees C/nin 3. Hold shelf temp at -45 for 120 minutes 4. When condenser is below -50 degrees C, evacuate the chamber to 100-125 nt. 5. Ramp shelf tu -20 degrees C at 0.5 degrees C/min. 5 6. Hold at -20 degrees C for 16 hours 7. Ramp shelf to +27 degrees C at 0.10 degrees C/min. 8. Hold for a minimum of 8 hours. Maintain chamber pressure at 100-125nit for the entire cycle. 9. Restore chamber to 11.0 PSIA + or- 1.0 with sterile filtered Nitrogen and then 10 seat the closures (2" Hg), then bleed to atmospheric pressure with Nitrogen to unload. Example 6 15 Stability of LIyophilized Formulations of Methylualtrexone The following data reports the stability of lyophilized formulations of methyinaltrexone using different cryoprotecting agents. Cryoprotecting Agent pH. total degradation products Mannitol 5.0 0.34% Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 4.1 0.37% Polyethylene glycol 5.7 0.44% Histidine 7.4 0.55% 20 Example 7 Stability of Lyophilized Formulations of Methylualtrexone The following data reports the stability of lyophilized formulations of 25 methyinaltrexone in comparison to buffered formulations.
P:OPERAkS e-services35201142-poea parani calsd35218A4-specipgsfo 6io g_~ 5 5058481IOC-9/04/]2013 -29 Amount of total related substances at various stages of manufacturing 1 2 3 4 5 6 Key Monothio- Citrate Citrate Acetate Lyophilized Lyophilized Ingredient glycerol Buffer Buffer Buffer using using pH 3.5 pH 5 pH 3.6 Mannitol Lactose Unautoclaved 0.13 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.14 0.12 Autoclaved 0.91 0.23 0.61 139 n/a n/a Stability (2 1.10 0.16 0.48 1.26 0.15 0.15 mths at room temp) It should be understood that various changes and modifications to the preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention without diminishing its advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications, including equivalents, be covered by the appended claims. All of the patents, patent applications and references listed herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises and "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps. The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or admission or any form of suggestion that that prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates.

权利要求:
Claims (226)
[1] 1. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising a solution of methylnaltrexone or a salt thereof, wherein the preparation after autoclaving has a concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products that does not exceed 2% of the methylnaltrexone or salt thereof in the preparation.
[2] 2. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 1, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products does not exceed 1.5% of the methylinatrexone or salt thereof in the preparation.
[3] 3. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 2, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products does not exceed 1.0% of the methylnaltrexone or salt thereof in the preparation.
[4] 4. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 3, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products does not exceed 0.5% of the methylnaltrexone or salt thereof in the preparation.
[5] 5. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 4, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products does not exceed 0.25% of the methylnaltrexone or salt thereof in the preparation.
[6] 6. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 5, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products does not exceed 0.125% of the methylnaltrexone or salt thereof in the preparation.
[7] 7. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical preparation further comprises a chelating agent.
[8] 8. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 7, wherein the chelating agent is ethylenediam inetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or a derivative thereof. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -31 9. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 8, wherein the derivative is disodium edetate. 5 10. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 8, wherein the EDTA or derivative thereof is present in a concentration ranging from 0.001 to 100.0 mg/ml.
[9] 11. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 10, wherein the EDTA or derivative thereof is present in a concentration ranging from 0.05 to 25.0 mg/rat. 10
[10] 12. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 11, wherein the EDTA or derivative thereof is present in a concentration ranging from 0.1 to 2.5 mg/mI.
[11] 13. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 7, further comprising a buffering agent. 15
[12] 14. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 13, wherein the buffering agent is citrate buffer.
[13] 15. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 10, further comprising citrate in a 20 concentration ranging from 0.0010 to 100.0 mM,
[14] 16. The pharmuceutical preparation of claim 10, further comprising citrate in a concentration ranging from 0.10 to 50 mM. 25 17. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 1, further comprising a buffering agent.
[15] 18. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 17, wherein the suffering agent is citrate buffer. 30 19. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 18, wherein the citrate is present in a concentration ranging from 0.01 to 100.0 mM. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 - 32
[16] 20. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 19, wherein the citrate is present in a concentration ranging from 0.10 to 10.0 mM.
[17] 21. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 20, wherein the citrate is present in a 5 concentration ranging from 0.10 to 5.0 mM. 2. The pharmaceutical preparation of any one of claims I to 2 1, wherein the pH of the preparation does not exceed 4.25. 10 23. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 22, wherein the p-I ranges from 2.0 to 4.0.
[18] 24. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 23, wherein the pH ranges from 3.0 to 4.0. 15
[19] 25. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 24, wherein the pH ranges from 3.0 to 3.5.
[20] 26. The pharmaceutical preparation of any one claims I to 21 wherein, the 20 concentration of methylnaltrexone ranges from 0.01 to 100 mg/mIl.
[21] 27. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 26 wherein, the concentration of methylnaltrexone ranges from 0.1 to 100.0 mg/ml. 25 28. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 27 wherein, the concentration of methyinaltrexone ranges from 1.0 to 50.0 ng/mi.
[22] 29. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 26 wherein, the pH of the pharmaceutical preparation does not exceed 4.25. 30
[23] 30. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 29 wherein, the p-I ranges from 2.0 to 4.0. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -33 31. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 29 wherein, the pH ranges from 3.0 to 4.0. 5 32. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 29 wherein, the pH ranges from 3.0 to 3.5.
[24] 33. The pharmaceutical preparation of any one of claims I to 21, further comprising an anti-oxidant. 10
[25] 34. The pharmaceutical preparation of any one of claims 1 to 21, further comprising an isotonicity agent.
[26] 35. The pharmaceutical preparation of any one of claims I to 21, further comprising 15 an opioid.
[27] 36. The pharmaceutical preparation of any one of claims I to 21, further comprising a cryoprotective agent. 20 37. Tfie pharmaceutical preparation of claim 36, wherein the crvoprotective agent is a polyol.
[28] 38. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim I to 21, wherein the solution is provided in a vial or ampoule with a septum. 25
[29] 39. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim I to 21, wherein the solution is provided in a syringe, infusion bag or salable bottle.
[30] 40. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 22, wherein the solution is provided in a 30 vial or ampoule with a septum. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -34 41. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 22, wherein the solution is provided in a syringe, infusion bag or scalable bottle.
[31] 42. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 26, wherein the solution is provided in a 5 vial or ampoule with a septum.
[32] 43. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 26, wherein the solution is provided in a syringe, infusion bag, or sealable bottle. 10 44. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 1 to 21, wherein the solution is provided in a container including indicia indicating that the pharmaceutical preparation has been autoclaved. 45, The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 22, wherein the solution is provided in a 15 container including indicia indicating that the pharmaceutical preparation has been autoclaved. 46 The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 35, wherein the solution is provided in a container including indicia indicating that the pharmaceutical preparation has been 20 autoclaved.
[33] 47. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 22, wherein the solution is provided in a container including indicia indicating that the pharmaceutical preparation has been autoclaved. 25 48, The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 25, wherein the solution is provided in a container including indicia indicating that the phannaceutical preparation has been autoclaved. 30 49. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 26, wherein the solution is provided in a container including indicia indicating that the pharmaceutical preparation has been autoclaved, WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -35 50, A method for preparing an autoclaved pharmaceutical preparation that has a concentration of methylinaltrexone degradation products that does not exceed 2% of the methylnaltrexone or salt thereof in the preparation comprising: 5 providing a solution having a pH of 4.25 or less comprising methylnaltrexone or salt thereof and being substantially free of methylnaltrexone degradation products; and autoclaving the solution.
[34] 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the pH ranges frorn 2.0 to 4.0. 10
[35] 52. The method of claim 51, wherein the pH ranges from 3.0 to 4.0.
[36] 53. The method of claim 51, wherein the pH- ranges from 3.0 to 3.5 15 54. The method of claim 50, 51, 52 or 53, wherein the solution contains a chelating agent,
[37] 55. The method of claim 54, wherein the solution further comprises an isotonicity agent. 20
[38] 56. The method of claim 50, 51, 52 or 53, wherein the solution contains a buffering agent.
[39] 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the solution contains a cheating agent.
[40] 58. The method of claim 50, 51, 52 or 53, wherein the solution contains an anti oxidant.
[41] 59. The method of claim 58, wherein the solution contains a chelating agent. 30
[42] 60. The method of claim 58, wherein the solution contains a buffering agent. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 - 36 61. The method of claim 54, wherein the chelating agent is EDTA or derivative thereof.
[43] 62. The method of claim 56, wherein the buffering agent is citrate buffer. 5
[44] 63. The method of claim 50, 51, 52 or 53, further comprising lyophilizing the solution.
[45] 64. The method of claim 63, further comprising adding a cryoprotecting agent to the 10 solution.
[46] 65. The method of claim 63, wherein the cryoprotective agent is a polyol.
[47] 66. A method for preparing an autoclaved pharmaceutical preparation that has a is concentration of methyinaltrexone degradation products that does not exceed 2% of the methyinaltrexone or salt thereof in the preparation comprising: providing a solution comprising mnethylnaltrexone or salt thereof and a chelating agent, the solution being substantially free of methylnaltrexone degradation products; and 20- autoclaving the solution.
[48] 67. The method of claim 66, wherein the chelating agent is EDTA or derivative thereof. 25 68. The method of claim 67, wherein the EDTA or derivative thereof is present in a concentration ranging from 0.001 to 100.0 mg/ml.
[49] 69. The method of claim 68, wherein the EDTA or derivative thereof is present in a concentration ranging from 0.05 to 25,0 mg/ml. 30
[50] 70. The method of claim 68, wherein the EDTA or derivative thereof is present in a concentration ranging from 0.1 to 2.5 mg/nml. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US20041/010997
[51] 71. The method of claim 66, 67, 68, 69 or 70, wherein the solution contains a buffering agent. 5 72. The method of claim 71, wherein the buffering agent is citrate buffer.
[52] 73. The method of claim 66, wherein the solution is adjusted to have a pH of 4.25 or less. io 74. The method of claim 71, wherein the solution is adjusted to have a pH of 4.25 or less.
[53] 75. The method of claim 66,. wherein the solution is adjusted to have a p1 ranging from 3.0 to 3.5. 15
[54] 76. The method of claim 71, wherein the solution is adjusted to have a pH ranging from 3.0 to 3.5.
[55] 77. The method of claim 66, wherein the solution contains an anti-oxidant. 20
[56] 78. The method of claim 66, wherein the solution contains an isotonicity agent.
[57] 79. The method of claim 66, 67, 68, 69 or 70, wherein the degradation products after autoclaving do not exceed 1.0 %. 25
[58] 80. The method of claim 71, wherein the degradation products after autoclaving do not exceed 1.0%.
[59] 81. The method of claim 66, 67, 68, 69, or 70, wherein the degradation products after 30 autoclaving do not exceed 0.5%. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -38
[60] 82. The method of claim 71, -wherein the degradation products after autoclaving do not exceed 0.5%.
[61] 83. The method of claim 66, further comprising lyophilizing the solution. 5
[62] 84. 'The method of claim 83, further comprising adding a cryoprotecting agent to the solution.
[63] 85. The method of claim 84, wherein the cryoprotective agent is a polyol
[64] 86. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising a solution of methylnaltrexone or a salt thereof, wherein the preparation after storage at about room temperature for six months has a concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products that does not exceed 2% of the methyinaltrexorte in the preparation. 15 87, The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 86, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products does not exceed 1.5% of the methylnaltrexone in the preparation. 20 88, The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 87, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products does not exceed 1,0% of the aethylnaltrexone in the preparation. 89, The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 88, wherein the concentration of 25 methylnaltrexone degradation products does not exceed 0.5% of the methyinaltrexone in the preparation.
[65] 90. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 89, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products does not exceed 0.25% of the methylnaltrexone 30 in the preparation. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 39 91. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 90, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products does not exceed 0.125% of the methylnaltrexone in the preparation. 5 92. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 88, wherein the pharmaceutical preparation further comprises a chelating agent.
[66] 93. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 92, wherein the chelating agent is EDTA or derivative thereof. 10
[67] 94. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 93, wherein the EDTA or derivative thereof is present in a concentration ranging from 0.001 to 100.0 mg/ml.
[68] 95. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 94, wherein the EDTA or derivative 15 thereof is present in a concentration ranging from 0.05 to 25.0 mg/mI.
[69] 96. The pharmaceuticals preparation of claim 95, wherein the EDTA or derivative thereof is present in a concentration ranging from 0.1 to 2.5 mg/ml. 20 97. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 92, further comprising a buffering agent.
[70] 98. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 97, wherein the buffering agent is citrate buffer. 25 99. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 94, further comprising Citrate in a concentration ranging from 0.0010 to 100.0 mM.
[71] 100. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 94, further comprising citrate in a concentration ranging from 0.10 to 50 mM. 30
[72] 101. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 86, wherein the pharmaceutical preparation further comprises a buffering agent. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -40
[73] 102. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 86, wherein the buffering agent is citrate buffer. 5 103. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 102, wherein the citrate is present in a concentration ranging f om 0.01 to 100.0 rmM.
[74] 104. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 103, wherein the citrate is present in a concentration ranging from 0.10 to 10.0 mM. 10
[75] 105. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 104, wherein the citrate is present in a concentration ranging from 0.10 to 5.0 mM.
[76] 106. The pharmaceutical preparation of any one of claims 86 to 105, wherein the p 15 does not exceed 4.25.
[77] 107. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 106, wherein the prH ranges from 2.0 to 4.0. 20 108. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 107, wherein the pH- ranges from 3.0 to 4.0.
[78] 109. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 108, wherein the pH ranges from 3.0 to 3.5. 25 110, The pharmaceutical preparation of any one claims 86 to 105, wherein the concentration of methyinaltrexone ranges from 0,01 to 100 mg/mil. 11. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 110, wherein the concentration of 3o methylnaltrexone ranges from 0,1 to 100.0 mg/nl. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US20041/010997 -41 112. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 111, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone ranges from 1.0 to 50.0 mg/mi.
[79] 113. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 111, wherein the pH does not exceed 5 4.25.
[80] 114. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 113, wherein the pH ranges from 2.0 to 4.0. 10 115. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 113, wherein the pH ranges from 3.0 to 4.0.
[81] 116. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 113, wherein the pH- ranges from 3.0 to 15
[82] 117. The pharmaceutical preparation of any one of claims 86 to 105, further comprising an anti-oxidant.
[83] 118. The pharmaceutical preparation of any one of claims 86 to 105, further 20 comprising an isotonicity agent.
[84] 119. The pharmaceutical preparation of any of claims 86 to 105, further comprising a cryoprotective agent. 25 120. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 119, wherein the cryoprotective agent is a polyol.
[85] 121. The pharmaceutical preparation of any one of claims 86 to 105, further comprising an opioid. 30
[86] 122. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 97, further comprising an isotonicity agent, wherein the pH does not exceed 4.25. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -42
[87] 123. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 121, wherein the pH is between 3.0 and 3-5, 5 124. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 122, wherein the buffering agent is a citrate buffer and chelating agent is EDTA or a derivative thereof.
[88] 125. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 124, wherein the citrate is present in a range between 0.001 and 100 mM and the chelating agent is present in a range between 10 0.001 and 100.0 mg/nL.
[89] 126. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 122, 123, 124 or 125, further comprising an isotonicity agent. 15 127. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 122, 123, 124 or 125, further comprising an antioxidant.
[90] 128. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 127, further comprising an isotonicity agent. 2;0
[91] 129. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 86, wherein the solution is provided in a vial or ampoule with a septum, in a syringe, an infusion bag, or a salable bottle.
[92] 130. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 106, wherein the solution is provided in 25 a vial or ampoule with a septum, in a syringe, an infusion bag, or a salable bottle.
[93] 131. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 122, wherein the solution is provided in a vial or ampoule with a septum. 30 132. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 122, wherein the solution is provided in a syringe, an infusion bag, or a salable bottle. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -43 133. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 86, wherein the solution is provided in a container including indicia indicating that the solution has been autoclaved.
[94] 134. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 106, wherein the solution is provided in 5 a container including indicia indicating that the solution has been autoclaved.
[95] 135. The phannaceutical preparation of claim 124, wherein the solution is provided in a container including indicia indicating that the solution has been autoclaved. 10 136. A stable pharnaceutical preparation comprising a solution of methylnaltrexone or salt thereof, wherein the pH is below 4.25.
[96] 137. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136, wherein the p1H is between 2.75 and 4.25. 15
[97] 138. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136, wherein the p-I is between 3.0 and 4.0.
[98] 139. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136, wherein the pH is between 3.0 and 20 3.5.
[99] 140. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136, 137, 138, or 139, wherein the pH is adjusted with an acid selected from the group consisting of HCl, citric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, or phosphoric acid. 25
[100] 141. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136, 137, 138, or 139, wherein the preparation further comprises a buffering agent.
[101] 142. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 141, wherein the buffering agent is 30 selected from the group consisting of citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium acetate, acetic acid, sodium phosphate and phosphoric acid, sodium ascorbate, tartartic acid, maleic acid, glycine, sodium lactate, lactic acid, ascorbic acid, imidazole, sodium bicarbonate WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 - 44 and carbonic acid, sodium succinate and succinic acid, histidine, and sodium benzoate and benzoic acid, 143, The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 141, wherein the suffering agent is a 5 citrate buffer.
[102] 144. The phanaceutical preparation of claim 143, Wherein the citrate buffer concentration ranges from 0.001 mM to 100 mM. 10 145. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 143, wherein the citrate buffer concentration ranges from 0.01 mM to 50 mM.
[103] 146. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 143, wherein the citrate buffer concentration ranges from 0.1 mM to 25 mM. 15
[104] 147. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136, further comprising a chelating agent.
[105] 148. The phanraceutical preparation of claim 141, further comprising a chelating 20 agent.
[106] 149. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 148, wherein the chelating agent is selected from the group consisting of EDTA and derivatives thereof, citric acid and derivatives thereof, niacinamide and derivatives sodium desoxycholate and derivatives 25 thereof.
[107] 150. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 149, wherein the chelating agent is EDTA or derivative thereof. 30 151. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 150, wherein the EDTA or derivative thereof concentraion ranges from 0.00 1 to 100 mg/rml. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -45 152. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 151, wherein the EDTA or derivative thereof concentration ranges from 0.05 to 25.0 mg/mi.
[108] 153. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 151, wherein the EDTA or derivative 5 thereof concentration ranges from 0.1 to 2.5 mg/ml.
[109] 154. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 151, wherein the EDTA or derivative thereof concentration ranges from 0.5 to 0.75 mg/mL. 10 155. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136 or 147, wherein the preparation is substantially free of methylnaltrexone degradation products.
[110] 156. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 141, wherein the preparation is substantially free of methylnaltrexone degradation products. 15
[111] 157. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 1438, wherein the preparation is substantially free of methyinaltrexone degradation products.
[112] 158. 'The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 148, wherein the pharmaceutical 20 preparation has been autoclaved and the concentration of methvinaltrexone degradation products is less than 2.0% of the methyinaltrexone in the preparation.
[113] 159. The preparation of claim 158, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products is less than 1.0% of the methylnaltrexone in the preparation. 25
[114] 160. The preparation according to claim 158, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products is less than 0.5% of the methylnaltrexone in the preparation. 30 161. The preparation according to claim 158, wherein the concentration of methyinaltrexone degradation products is less than 0.25% of the methyinaltrexone in the preparation. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -46
[115] 162. The preparation according to claim 15 8, wherein the concentration of im ethyinaltrexone degradation products is less than 0.125% of the methylnaltrexone in the preparation.
[116] 163. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136 or 147, wherein the methyLnaltrexone or salt thereof is present in an amount effective to treat a side effect associated with opioid treatment when administered to a human subject. 10 164. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 163, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone or salt thereof is sufficient to treat constipation. 165, The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136 or 147, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone or salt thereof ranges from 0.01 to 1 00 mg/mil. 15
[117] 166. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136 or 147, wherein the concentration of methyinaltrexone or salt thereof ranges from 0,05 to 100 mg/mil.
[118] 167. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136 or 147, wherein the concentration of 20 methylnaltrexone or salt thereof ranges from 0.1 to 100 mg/ml.
[119] 168. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136 or 147, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone or salt thereof is about 50 mg/ml. 25 169. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136 or 147, wherein the concentration of methyinaltrexone or salt thereof is about 10.0 mg/ml.
[120] 170. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136 or 147, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone or salt thereof is about 0.1 mg/mI. 30
[121] 171. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 136 or 147, further comprising an isotonicity agent. WO 2004/091623 PCT/US2001/0110997 - 47 172. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 141, further comprising an isotonicity agent. 5 173. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 148, further comprising an isotonicity agent.
[122] 174. The composition of claim 171, wherein the isotonicity agent is selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, mannitol, lactose, dextrose, sorbitol, and glycerol 10
[123] 175. The preparation of claim 174, wherein the isotonicity agent is sodium chloride.
[124] 176. The preparation of claim 136 or 147, further comprising an antioxidant. 15 177. The preparation of claim 141, further comprising an antioxidant.
[125] 178. The preparation of claim 148, fiuher comprising an antioxidant.
[126] 179. The preparation of claim 176, wherein the antioxidant is selected from the group 20 consisting of an ascorbic acid derivative, butylated hydroxy anisole, butylated hydroxy toluene, alkyl gallate, sodium meta-bisulfite, sodium bisulfite, sodium dithionite, sodium thioglycollic acid, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, tocopherol and derivatives thereof, monothioglycerol, and sodium sulfite. 25 180. The preparation of claim 136 or 147, further comprising a cryoprotective agent. 181 The preparation of claim 141, further comprising a cryoprotective agent.
[127] 182. The preparation of claim 148, further comprising a cryoprotective agent. 30
[128] 183. The preparation of claims 180 wherein the cryoprotective agent is a polyol. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 - 48 184. The preparation of claim 136 or 147, further comprising an opioid.
[129] 185. The preparation of claim 141, further comprising an opioid. 5 186. The preparation of claim 148, further comprising an opioid.
[130] 187. The preparation of claim 1.84, wherein the opioid is selected from the group consisting of alfentanil, anileridine, asimadoline, bremazocine, burprenorphine, butorphanol, codeine, dezocine, diacetylmorphine (heroin), dihydrocodeine, 10 diphenoxylate, fedotozine, fentanyl, funaltrexamine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, levallorphan, levomethadyl acetate, levorphanol, loperamide, meperidine (pethidine), methadone, morphine, morphine-6-glucoronide, nalbuphine, nalorphine, opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pentazocine, propiram, propoxyphene, remifentanyl, sufentanil, tilidine, trimebutine, and tramadol. 15
[131] 188. A stable pharmaceutical preparation comprising a solution of methyinaltrex one or salt thereof, wherein the solution further comprises a chelating agent in an amount sufficient to inhibit degradation of the methylinaltrexone or salt thereof, whereby the amount is such that the preparation after autoclaving has a concentration of 20 methylnaltrexone degradation products that does not exced 0.5 % of the methyinaltrexone or salt thereof in the preparation.
[132] 189. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 188, wherein the chelating agent is selected from the group consisting of EDTA and derivatives thereof, citric acid and 25 derivatives thereof, niacinamide and derivatives thereof, and sodium desoxycholate and derivatives thereof,
[133] 190. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 189, wherein the chelating agent is EDTA or derivative thereof 30 191, The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 190, wherein the EDTA or derivative thereof concentration ranges from 0.4 to 100 mg/mil. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US20041/010997 -49 192. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 191., wherein the EDTA or derivative concentration ranges from 0.5 to 25.0 mg/mi. s 193. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 191, wherein the EDTA or derivative concentration ranges from 0.5 to 10.0 mg/ml.
[134] 194. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 191, wherein the EDIA or derivative concentration ranges from 0.5 to 2.5 mg/ml. 10
[135] 195. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 188, 189, 190, 191 or 192, wherein the preparation further comprises a buffering agent.
[136] 196. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 195, wherein the buffering agent is 15 selected from the group consisting of citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium acetate, acetic acid, sodium phosphate and phosphoric acid, sodium ascorbate, tartartic acid, maleic acid, glycine, sodium lactate, lactic acid, ascorbic acid, imidazole, sodium bicarbonate and carbonic acid, sodium succinate and succinic acid, histidine, and sodium benzoate and benzoic acid.
[137] 197. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 195, wherein the buffering agent is a citrate buffer.
[138] 198. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 197, wherein the citrate buffer 25 concentration ranges from 0.001 mM to 100 mM.
[139] 199. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 197, wherein the citrate buffer concentration ranges from 0.01 mM to 50 mM. 30 200. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 197, wherein the citrate buffer concentration ranges from 0.1 mM to 25 mM. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -50.
[140] 201. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 197, wherein the citrate buffer concentration ranges from 0.25 mM to 15 mM.
[141] 202. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 188, wherein the preparation is 5 substantially free of methyinaltrexone degradation products.
[142] 203. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 195, wherein the preparation is substantially free of methylnaltrexone degradation products. 10 204. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 197, wherein the preparation is substantially free of methylnaltrexone degradation products.
[143] 205. The preparation according to claim 188, wherein the concentration of methyinaltrexone degradation products is less than 0.25% of the methylnaltrexone in the 15 preparation.
[144] 206. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 188, wherein the methyinaltrexone or salt thereof is present in an amount effective to treat a side effect associated with opioid treatment when administered to a human subject. 20
[145] 207. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 206, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone or salt thereof is sufficient to treat constipation.
[146] 208. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 188, wherein the concentration of 25 methyinaltrexone or salt thereof ranges firm 0.01 to 100 mg/mL.
[147] 209. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 188, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone or salt thereof ranges from 0.05 to 100 mg/ml. 30 210. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 188, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone or salt thereof ranges from 0.1 to 100 mg/mi. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -51
[148] 211. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 188, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone or salt thereof is in a range of 25 to 75 rmg/mL.
[149] 212. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 188, wherein the concentration of 5 methylnaltrexone or salt thereof is in a range of I to 20 mg/ml.
[150] 213. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 188, wherein the concentration of methyinaltrexone or salt thereof is in a range of 0.05 to 0.5 mg/mi. 10 214. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 188, further comprising an isotonicity agent.
[151] 215. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 195, further comprising an isotonicity agent. 15
[152] 216. The composition of claim 214, wherein the isotonicity agent is selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, mannitol, lactose, dextrose, glycerol, and sorbitol.
[153] 217. The composition of claim 215, wherein the isotonicity agent is selected from the 20 group consisting of sodium chloride, mannitol, lactose, dextrose, glycerol, and sorbitol.
[154] 218. The preparation of claim 215, wherein the isotonicity agent is sodium chloride.
[155] 219. The preparation of claim 188, further comprising an antioxidant. 2 5
[156] 220. The preparation of claim 195, further comprising an antioxidant.
[157] 221. The preparation of claim 219, wherein the antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of an ascorbic acid derivative, butylated hydroxy anisole, butylated hydroxy 30 toluene, alkyl gallate, sodium meta-bisuifite, sodium bisulfite, sodium dithionite, sodium thioglycollic acid, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, tocopherol and derivatives thereof, monothioglycerol, and sodium sulfite. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -52
[158] 222. The preparation of claim 220, wherein the antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of an ascorbic acid derivative, butylated hydroxy anisole, butylated hydroxy toluene, alkyl gallate, sodium meta-bisulfite, sodium dithionitc, sodium thioglycollic 5 acid, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, tocopherol and derivatives thereof, monothioglycerol, sodium bisultite, and sodium sulfite.
[159] 223. The preparation of any of claims 188, 195 or 219, further comprising a cryoprotective agent. 10
[160] 224. The preparation of claim 213 wherein the cryoprotective agent is a polymerized carbohydrate.
[161] 225. The preparation of claim 188, further comprising an opioid. 15
[162] 226. The prepara ion of claim 195, further comprising an oploid.
[163] 227. The preparation of claim 219, further comprising an opioid. 20 228. The preparation of claim 225, wherein the opioid is selected fr om the group consisting of alfentanil, anileridine, asimadoline, bremazocine. burprenorphine, butorphanol, codeine, dezocine, diacetylmorphine (heroin), dihydrocodeine. diphenoxylate, fedotozine, fentanyl, ftmaltrexamine, hydrocodone, hydrornorphone, levallorphan, levomethadyl acetate, levorphanol, loperamuide, meperidine (pethidine), 25 methadone, morphine, morphine-6-glucoronide, nalbuphine, nalorphine, opiurn, oxycedone, oxymorphone, pentazocine, propiram, propoxyphene, remifentanyl, sufentanil, tilidine, trimebutine, and tramadol. 229, The preparation of claim 226, wherein the opioid is selected from the group 30 consisting of alfentanil, anileridine, asimadoline, bremazocine, burprenorphine, butorphanol, codeine, dezocine, diacetylmorphine (heroin), dihydrocodeine, diphenoxylate, fedotozine, fentanyl, funaltrexamine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US20041/010997 - 53 levallorphan, levomethadyl acetate, levorphanol. loperamide, meperidine (pethidine), methadone, morphine, im orphinle-6-gltucoronide, nalbuphine, nalorphine, opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pentazocine, propiram, propoxyphene, remifentanyl, sufentanil, tilidine, trimebutine, and tramadol. 5
[164] 230. The preparation of claim 227, wherein the opioid is selected from the group consisting of alfentanil, anileridine, asimadoline, bremazocine, burprenorph ine, butorphanol, codeine, dezocine, diacetylmorphine (heroin), dihydrocodeine, diphenoxylate, fedotozine, fentanyl, funaltrexamine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone. 10 levallorphan, levomethadyl acetate, levorphanol, loperaride, neperidine (pethidine), methadone, morphine, morphine-6-glucoronide, nalbuphine, nalorphine, opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pentazocine, propiram, propoxyphene, remifentanyl, sufentanil, tilidine, trimebutine, and tramadol. 15 231. A. pharmaceutical preparation comprising a solution of methyinaltrexone or salt thereof and at least one rmethylnaltrexone degradation inhibiting agent selected from the group consisting of a chelating agent, a suffering agint, an antioxidant, and combinations thereof, wherein the solution has a p1H ranging from 2 to 6, wherein the degradation inhibiting agent is present in an amount sufficient to render the preparation 20 sfible, wherein the preparation is processed under at least one sterilization technique, and wherein the preparation is substantially free of methylnaltrexone degradation products,
[165] 232. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 23 1, wherein the preparation is stable to storage for 6 months at about room temperature.
[166] 233. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 232, wherein the preparation is stable to storage for 12 months at about room temperature.
[167] 234. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 233, wherein the preparation is stable to 30 storage for 24 months at about room temperature. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -54
[168] 235. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 231, wherein the preparation is stable to autoclaving.
[169] 236. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 231, further comprising an isotonicity 5 agent.
[170] 237. The preparation of claim 231, further comprising a cryoprotective agent.
[171] 238. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 231, further comprising an opioid. 10
[172] 239. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 237, wherein the opioid is selected from the group consisting of alfentanil, anileridine, asimadoline, bremazocine, burprenorphine, butorphancl, codeine, dezocine, diacetylmorphine (heroin), dihydrocodeine, diphenoxylate, fedotozine, fentanyl, funaltrexamine, hydrocodone, is hydromorphone, levallorphan, levomethadyl acetate, levorphanol, loperamide, meperidine (pethidine), methadone, morphine, morphine-6-glucoronide, nalbuphine, nalorphine, opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pentazocine, propiram, propoxyphene, remifentanyl, sufentanil, tilidine, trimebutine, and tramadol. 20 240 The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136, 188 or 231, wherein the preparation is provided in a vial or an ampoule with a septum.
[173] 241. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136, 188 or 231, wherein the preparation is provided in an infusion bag. 25
[174] 242. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136, 188 or 23 1, wherein the preparation is provided in a syringe.
[175] 243. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136, 188 or 231, wherein the 30 preparation is provided in a sealable bottle. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US20041/010997 55 244. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136, 188 or 231, wherein the preparation is suitable for parenteral administration.
[176] 245. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136, 188 or 231, wherein the s preparation is suitable for oral imbibing.
[177] 246. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136, 188 or 231, wherein the solution is provided in a container including indicia indicating the preparation has been processed under at least one sterilization technique. 10
[178] 247. A method of inhibiting formation of methylnaltrexone degradation products in a pharmaceutical preparation comprising methyinaltrexone or salts thereof, the method comprising: preparing an aqueous solution comprising at least one niethylnaltrexone is degradation inhibiting agent selected from the group consisting of a chelating agent, a buffering agent, an antioxidant, and combinations thereof; dissolving a powdered source of methylnaltrexone or salt thereof with the solution to form the phannaceutical preparation. 20 248 The me-thod of claim 247, wherein the methylnaltrexone degradation inhibiting agent is a chelating agent.
[179] 249. The method of claim 247, wherein the methylnaltrexone degradation inhibiting agent is a buffering agent. 2 5
[180] 250. The method of claim 247, wherein the methylnaltrexone degradation inhibiting agent is an antioxidant.
[181] 251. The method of claim 247, wherein the methyinaltrexone degradation inhibiting 30 agent comprises a chelating agent and a buffering agent. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US20041/010997
[182] 252. The method of claim 247, further comprising adjusting with an acid the pH of the solution or the preparation to a pH ranging from 2 to 6.
[183] 253. The method of claim 247, further comprising adjusting with ain acid the pH4 of the 5 solution or the preparation to a pH ranging from about 3 to 5.
[184] 254. The method of claim 247, further comprising adjusting with an acid the pH- of the solution or the preparation to a pH ranging from about 3 to 4. 10 255. The method of claim 247, further comprising adding an isotonicity agent to the solution.
[185] 256. A method of preparing a stable pharmaceutical preparation comprising an aqueous solution of methyinaltrexone or salts thereof to inhibit formation of 15 methylnaltrexone degradation products, comprising: providing a solution comprising methyinaltrexone or salts thereof and at least one methylnaltrexone degradation inhibiting agent; processing the solution under at least one sterilization technique prior to and/or after terminal filling the solution in a salable container to form the stable 20 pharmaceutical preparation, wherein the method is carried out without the addition of a pH-adj usting-base to the solution.
[186] 257. The method according to claim 256, wherein the concentration of methyinaltrexone degradation products is less than 2.0% of the total methylnaltrexone in 25 the preparation.
[187] 258. The method according to claim 256, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products is less than 1.0 % of the total methyInaltrexone in the preparation. 30 WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 - 57 259. The method according to claim 256, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products is less than 0.5% of the total methylnaltrexone in the preparation. 5 260. The method according to claim 256, wherein the concentration of methylnaltrexone degradation products is less than 0.25% of the total methylnaltrexone in the preparation.
[188] 261. The method of claim 256, wherein the methylnaltrexone degradation inhibiting 10 agent is selected front the group consisting of a chelating agent, a buffering agent, an antioxidant, and combinations thereof
[189] 262. The method of claim 256, wherein the methyinaltrexone degradation inhibiting agent is a chelating agent. 15
[190] 263. The method of claim 256, wherein the methylnaltrexone degradation inhibiting agent is a buffering agent.
[191] 264. The method of claini 256, wherein the buffering agent is citrate buffer. 20
[192] 265. The method of claim 256, wherein the methylnaltrexone degradation inhibiting agent is an antioxidant.
[193] 266. The method of claim 256, wherein the methylnaltrexone degradation inhibiting 25 agent comprises a chelating agent and a buffering agent.
[194] 267. The method of claim 256, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265 or 266, wherein the initial solution is adjusted to a pH ranging from 2 to 6 prior to the processing under the at least one sterilization technique. 30
[195] 268. The method of claim 267, wherein the initial solution is adjusted to a pH- ranging from 2 to 5, WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 - 58 269. The method of claim 268, wherein the initial solution is adjusted to a pH ranging from 3 to S. 5 270. The method of claim 269, wherein the initial solution is adjusted to a pH ranging from 3 to 4.
[196] 271. The method of claim 256, wherein the aseptic technique is autoclaving after terminal filling the sealable container. t0
[197] 272. The method of claim 256, wherein the processing comprises sterile filtration orior to terminal filling followed by autoclaving after terminal filling the sealable container.
[198] 273. The method of claim 256, further comprising sealing the container, wherein the is container is purged with nitrogen.
[199] 274. The method of claim 256, further comprising sealing the container, wherein the container is sparged to eliminate oxygen. 20 275. The method of claim 256, wherein the initial solution further comprises an isotonicity agent.
[200] 276. The method of claini 275, wherein the isotonicity agent is sodium chloride. 25 277, The method of claim 256, wherein the initial solution further comprising a cryoprotective agent.
[201] 278. The method of claim 277 wherein the cryoprotective agent is a polyol. 30 279. The method of claim 256, further comprising adding at least one opioid to the initial solution. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 -59
[202] 280. The method of claim 279, wherein the opioid is selected from the group consisting of alfentanil, anileridine, asimadoline, bremazocine, burprenorphine, butorphanol, codeine, dezocine, diacetylmorphine (heroin), dihydrocodein, diphenoxylate, fedotozine, fentanyl, funaltrexamine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, 5 levallorphan, levomethadyl acetate, levorphanol, loperamide, meperidine (pethidine), methadone, morphine, morphine-6-glucoronide, nalbuphine, nalorphine, opium, oxycodone. oxymorphone, pentazocine, propiram, propoxyphene, remifentanyl, sufentanil, tilidine, trimebutine, and tramadol. 10 281. The method of claim 279, wherein the opioid is sohibilized in a nonaqueous solvent prior to addition to the initial solution.
[203] 282. The method of claim 281, wherein the nonaqueous solvent is an oil, wax, or alcohol. 15
[204] 283. A product comprising a stable lyophilized formulation of methylnaltrexone, wherein the formulation upon reconstitution in water at a concentration of 20 mug/ml has a pH of between 2 and 6. 2o 284. The product of clain 283, wherein the formulation upon reconstitution in water has a pH of between 3 and 5.
[205] 285. The product of claim 283, wherein the formulation comprises a cryoprotecting agent present in an amount sufficient to render the formulation stable. 25
[206] 286. The product of claim 284, wherein the formulation comprises a cryoprotecting agent present in an amount to render the formulation stable.
[207] 287. The product of claim 285, wherein the cryoprotecting agent is a polyol. 30
[208] 288. The product of claim 286, wherein the cryoprotecting agent is a polyol. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 - 60 289. The product of claim 285, Wherein the cryoprotecting agent is mannitol.
[209] 290. The product of claim 286, wherein the cryoprotecting agent is mannitol. 5 291. The product of claims 283-390, further comprising any one or more of a buffering agent, a cheating agent and an antioxidant.
[210] 292. The product of claims 283-290, further comprising citrate buffer. 0 293. A product comprising a lyophilized formulation of methyinaltrexone prepared from a solution comprising the solution of claims 1-21.
[211] 294. A product comprising 15 a lyophilized formulation of methylnaltrexone prepared from a solution comiprising the solution of claim 36,
[212] 295. A product comprising a lyophilized formulation of methylnaltrexone prepared from a solution 20 comprising the solution of claim 37.
[213] 296. A product comprising a lyophilized formulation of methylnaltrexone prepared from a solution comprising the solution of claims 86- 10. 25
[214] 297. A product comprising a lyaphilized formulation of methylnaltrexone prepared from a solution comprising the solution of 119. 30 298. A product comprising a lyophilized formulation of methylinaltrexone prepared from a solution comprising the solution of 120, WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/010997 -61
[215] 299. A product comprising a lyophilized formulation of methylnaltrexone prepared from a solution comprising the solution of 136-139. 5
[216] 300. A product comprising a lyophilized formulation of nethyinaltrexone prepared from a solution comprising the solution of 180. 10 301. A product comprising a lyophilized formulation of methylnaltrexone prepared from a solution comprising the solution of 181.
[217] 302. A product comprising 15 methylnaltrexone and a degradation inhibiting agent selected from the group consisting of a chelating agent, a buffering agent, an anti-oxidant, and combinations thereof, wherein the degradation inhibiting agent is present in an amount sufficient to render stable a solution of the product containing a concentration of 20 mg/ml meth yinaltrexone. 20
[218] 303. The product of claim 302, wherein the product when in solution at a concentration of 20 mg/ml methylnaltrexone yields a solution with a pH of between 2 and 6, 25 304. The product of claim 303, wherein the product has less than 1% methylnaltrexone degradation products when stored at room temperature in the solution for 6 months.
[219] 305. The product of claim 303, wherein the product has less than 1% methyinaltrexone degradation products when stored at room temperature in the solution for 12 months. 30
[220] 306. The product of claim 303, wherein the product has less than 1% methylnaltrexone degradation products when stored at room temperature in the solution for 24 months. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US20041/010997 - 62 307. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising methyinaltrexone; sodium chloride, citric acid, trisodium, citrate, and disodium edetate.
[221] 308. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 307, wherein the preparation is a solution and the methylnaltrexone is present at between 20 and 40 mg/ml, the sodium 10 chloride is present between 2 and 6 mg/mi, the citric acid is present between 0.05 and 0.1 mg/ml, the trisodium citrate is present between 0.025 and 0.075 mg/ml and the disodium edetate is present between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mi.
[222] 309. A kit comprising a package containing a sealed container comprising the 15 pharmaceutical preparation of claim 136, 188, 231, or 283, and instructions for use,
[223] 310. The kit of claim 309, further comprising a diluant container containing a pharmaceutically acceptable diluant, 20 31L The kit of claim 310, further comprising instructions for ming the preparation and diluant.
[224] 312. The kit of claim 310, wherein the diluant is selected from the group consisting of a 5% dextrose solution and a physiological saline solution. 25
[225] 313. The kit of claim 310, wherein the diluant is contained in a sealable bottle or an infusion bag.
[226] 314. The kit of claim 309, further comprising an opioid container containing an 30 opioid. WO 2004/091623 PCTI/US2004/1010997 - 63 315. The kit of claim 314, wherein the opioid is selected from the group consisting of alfentanil, anileridine, asimadoline, bremazocine, burprenorphine, butorphanol, codeine, dezocine, diacerylmorphine (heroin), dihydrocodeine, diphenoxylate, fedotozine, fentanyl, fumaltrexamine, hydrocodono, hydromorphone, levallorphan, levomethadyl 5 acetate, levorphanol, loperamide, meperidine (pethidine), methadone, morphine, morphine-6-gltcuronide, nalbuphine, nalorphine, opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pentazocine, propiram. propoxyphene., remifentanyl, sufentanil, tilidine, trimebutine, and tramadol.

类似技术:

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US10376584B2|2019-08-13|Stable pharmaceutical formulations of methylnaltrexone

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AU2013203378B2|2016-09-15|Pharmaceutical formulations containing methylnaltrexone

同族专利:

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公开号 | 公开日

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AU2013203378B2|2016-09-15|

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法律状态:
2017-01-19| FGA| Letters patent sealed or granted (standard patent)|

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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US60/461,611||2003-04-08||

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AU2010202824A|AU2010202824B2|2003-04-08|2010-07-05|Pharmaceutical formulations containing methylnaltrexone|

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AU2013203378A|AU2013203378B2|2003-04-08|2013-04-10|Pharmaceutical formulations containing methylnaltrexone|AU2013203378A| AU2013203378B2|2003-04-08|2013-04-10|Pharmaceutical formulations containing methylnaltrexone|